{
 "families": {
  "pioneer": "Pioneers",
  "road": "Road",
  "offroad": "Off-road",
  "work": "Urban and work",
  "electric": "Electric"
 },
 "types": [
  {
   "id": "pioneer",
   "name": "Pioneer motor-bicycle",
   "family": "pioneer",
   "start": 1885,
   "era": "1885 to 1910",
   "plate": "T01",
   "tagline": "A bicycle with an engine bolted in: the machine every motorcycle descends from.",
   "history": [
    "Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach built the first petrol-engined two-wheeler, the wooden **Reitwagen**, in 1885 as a test bed for their high-speed engine; it ran on outrigger wheels and was never sold. The first machine offered for sale was the **Hildebrand & Wolfmüller** of 1894, a 1,489 cc twin whose connecting rods drove the rear wheel directly, and it gave German the word *Motorrad*.",
    "Most early makers simply clipped a small **De Dion-Bouton** type engine to a safety bicycle, on the steering head, above the front wheel or behind the saddle, and the results were top-heavy and skittish. The **Werner brothers** in Paris settled the question in 1901 by placing the engine low in the frame where the bottom bracket had been, driving the rear wheel by a flat leather belt. That layout, engine low and central between the wheels, is still how almost every motorcycle is built."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Diamond frame borrowed from the safety bicycle, with a rigid fork and no rear suspension",
    "Single-cylinder four-stroke of 200 to 500 cc with an automatic (atmospheric) inlet valve and a surface or spray carburettor",
    "Flat leather or V-belt drive to a pulley on the rear wheel, with no clutch or gearbox",
    "Pedals to start the engine and to help it up hills; spoon or rim brakes like a bicycle"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Single, 200 to 500 cc",
    "Power": "1 to 3 hp",
    "Top speed": "40 to 60 km/h",
    "Weight": "45 to 60 kg",
    "Wheels": "26 to 28 in clinchers"
   },
   "models": [
    "Daimler Reitwagen (1885)",
    "Hildebrand & Wolfmüller (1894)",
    "Werner motocyclette (1901)"
   ],
   "where": "Workshops, racing on cycle tracks and wealthy enthusiasts; the first motorcycle clubs and reliability trials date from these years.",
   "next": "Within a decade, bigger engines, chains, clutches and gearboxes turned the motor-bicycle into a machine of its own.",
   "module": "Module 1, chapter 1",
   "order": 1,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T01.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T01.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/pioneer.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:1894 Hildebrand and Wolfmüller (1) - The Art of the Motorcycle - Memphis.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/1894_Hildebrand_and_Wolfm%C3%BCller_%281%29_-_The_Art_of_the_Motorcycle_-_Memphis.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1894_Hildebrand_and_Wolfm%C3%BCller_%281%29_-_The_Art_of_the_Motorcycle_-_Memphis.jpg",
    "subject": "Hildebrand & Wolfmüller, 1894 (museum exhibit, Memphis)",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1894_Hildebrand_and_Wolfm%C3%BCller_%281%29_-_The_Art_of_the_Motorcycle_-_Memphis.jpg",
    "verified": false
   },
   "workshop_photo": {
    "file": "media/pioneer-workshop.jpg",
    "caption": "An early Curtiss racing motorcycle with the engine slung low in a bicycle-derived diamond frame.",
    "credit": "Photograph: Transitions Lab collection"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "vintage-vtwin",
   "name": "Vintage V-twin",
   "family": "pioneer",
   "start": 1907,
   "era": "1907 to 1930s",
   "plate": "T02",
   "tagline": "Two cylinders in a V, a loop frame and hand-shifted gears: the first true motorcycles.",
   "history": [
    "Fitting a second cylinder on the same crankpin, at an angle, doubled the power without making the engine longer. **Indian** sold a V-twin from 1907 and **Harley-Davidson** from 1909, and by the First World War both made big 1,000 cc twins with chain drive, clutches and two- or three-speed gearboxes. Tens of thousands served as dispatch and sidecar machines in the war.",
    "The 1910s and 1920s were the age of **board-track racing** on steeply banked wooden velodromes, where stripped V-twins ran well over 150 km/h. Road machines gained electric lighting, front springer or leaf-spring forks and wide mudguards, but the rear stayed rigid and the rider sat on a sprung saddle. The V-twin layout still defines American motorcycles today."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Loop frame with the engine as a stressed member, rigid rear end and a springer or leaf-spring front fork",
    "F-head (inlet over exhaust) or side-valve 45° V-twin of 1,000 to 1,200 cc with a magneto and a single carburettor",
    "Hand gear-change lever on the tank and a foot clutch, chain primary and final drive",
    "Acetylene or early electric headlamp, footboards and a sprung solo saddle"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "45° V-twin, 1,000 to 1,200 cc",
    "Power": "8 to 20 hp",
    "Top speed": "90 to 110 km/h",
    "Weight": "150 to 190 kg",
    "Wheels": "28 in clinchers"
   },
   "models": [
    "Indian Powerplus (1916)",
    "Harley-Davidson Model J (1915 to 1929)",
    "Brough Superior SS100 (1924)"
   ],
   "where": "Long-distance roads in America, wartime dispatch work, sidecar family transport and board-track racing.",
   "next": "After the Second World War, cheap personal transport mattered more than size, and Europe turned to scooters.",
   "module": "Module 1, chapter 1",
   "order": 2,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T02.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T02.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/vintage-vtwin.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Harley-Davidson 27J 1927.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Harley-Davidson_27J_1927.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harley-Davidson_27J_1927.jpg",
    "subject": "Harley-Davidson Model J V-twin, 1927",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harley-Davidson_27J_1927.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "scooter",
   "name": "Scooter",
   "family": "work",
   "start": 1946,
   "era": "1946 to today",
   "plate": "F04",
   "tagline": "Step-through body, small wheels and an engine beside the rear wheel: clean, easy transport for everyone.",
   "history": [
    "Post-war Italy needed cheap, clean transport and had idle aircraft factories. Piaggio asked aeronautical engineer **Corradino D'Ascanio**, who disliked motorcycles, to design one; his **Vespa** of 1946 had a pressed-steel monocoque body, a single-sided front arm like an aircraft undercarriage, small wheels and an engine beside the rear wheel driving it directly. **Lambretta** followed in 1947, and scooters became the transport and the style of post-war Europe.",
    "The modern scooter came from Japan and Taiwan in the 1980s: a plastic body over a steel tube frame, a **unit-swing engine** that pivots with the rear wheel, and a **CVT** belt transmission with a centrifugal clutch, so the rider only twists the throttle. Scooters from 50 cc to 750 cc now outsell motorcycles in most of Europe and Asia."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Step-through floor with a front shield that keeps the rider clean and dry",
    "Unit-swing engine: engine, CVT and final drive form one assembly that is also the rear swingarm",
    "Variator with roller weights, V-belt and centrifugal clutch, so there are no gears or clutch lever",
    "Small 10 to 14 in wheels and under-seat storage"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Single, 50 to 300 cc (up to 750 cc maxi-scooters)",
    "Power": "3 to 25 kW",
    "Top speed": "45 to 140 km/h",
    "Weight": "90 to 180 kg",
    "Wheels": "10 to 14 in cast"
   },
   "models": [
    "Vespa 98 (1946)",
    "Lambretta LD (1951)",
    "Honda PCX (2010)"
   ],
   "where": "Cities everywhere: commuting, deliveries and learner riders.",
   "next": "In 1958 Honda combined the scooter's step-through with big wheels and a frugal four-stroke, and created the best-selling motor vehicle in history.",
   "module": "Module 4, CVT section",
   "order": 3,
   "plate_svg": "plates/F04.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/F04.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/scooter.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Vespa N 125cc 1953 b.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Vespa_N_125cc_1953_b.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vespa_N_125cc_1953_b.jpg",
    "subject": "Vespa 125 (N), 1953",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vespa_N_125cc_1953_b.jpg",
    "verified": false
   },
   "workshop_photo": {
    "file": "media/scooter-workshop.jpg",
    "caption": "A scooter unit-swing engine with the CVT cover removed: drive pulley, V-belt and driven pulley with clutch.",
    "credit": "Photograph: Transitions Lab collection"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "step-through",
   "name": "Step-through underbone",
   "family": "work",
   "start": 1958,
   "era": "1958 to today",
   "plate": "T03",
   "tagline": "A pressed-steel backbone, leg shields and a clutchless gearbox: more than 100 million built.",
   "history": [
    "**Soichiro Honda** and **Takeo Fujisawa** wanted a small motorcycle that a noodle-shop delivery rider could use one-handed, with a four-stroke engine that was quiet, clean and frugal. The **Super Cub C100** of 1958 put a horizontal 50 cc OHV single under a pressed-steel backbone, behind a polyethylene leg shield, with a semi-automatic gearbox and 17 in wheels that coped with bad roads.",
    "Its American campaign, *You meet the nicest people on a Honda*, changed the image of motorcycling in the 1960s. Production of the Super Cub passed **100 million** in 2017, making it the most-produced motor vehicle ever. Copies and descendants, the Asian 'underbones' and 'cubs', carry families and goods across Southeast Asia, India and Africa."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Pressed-steel underbone frame running low between the steering head and the rear, so the rider steps through",
    "Horizontal single-cylinder four-stroke under the backbone, with fuel tank under the seat",
    "Semi-automatic gearbox: a centrifugal clutch, so the rider changes gear with the foot without a clutch lever",
    "Leading-link fork, enclosed chain case, drum brakes and 17 in spoked wheels"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Horizontal single, 50 to 125 cc",
    "Power": "3 to 7 kW",
    "Top speed": "70 to 100 km/h",
    "Weight": "80 to 100 kg",
    "Fuel use": "1.5 to 2.5 l/100 km"
   },
   "models": [
    "Honda Super Cub C100 (1958)",
    "Yamaha V50 / Mate",
    "Honda Wave 110"
   ],
   "where": "Delivery, commuting and family transport across Asia, Africa and Latin America.",
   "next": "The same frugal engines, mounted in a conventional frame, became the standard commuter motorcycle.",
   "module": "Module 1, chapter 2",
   "order": 4,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T03.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T03.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/step-through.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Honda super cub, 1st Gen. 1958, Left side.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Honda_super_cub%2C_1st_Gen._1958%2C_Left_side.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_super_cub%2C_1st_Gen._1958%2C_Left_side.jpg",
    "subject": "Honda Super Cub C100, 1st generation 1958, left side",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_super_cub%2C_1st_Gen._1958%2C_Left_side.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "standard",
   "name": "Standard roadster",
   "family": "road",
   "start": 1950,
   "era": "1950s to today",
   "plate": "F01",
   "tagline": "Upright seat, no fairing, engine in plain view: the all-rounder that most riders learn on.",
   "history": [
    "The **standard** is the plain motorcycle: wheels at each end, engine in the middle, a tank, a seat, a round headlight and an upright riding position. British singles and twins from BSA, Triumph and Norton defined it in the 1950s, and Japanese makers took over in the 1960s with reliable, electric-start machines that did not leak oil.",
    "Honda's **CB750** of 1969 set the template for the **Universal Japanese Motorcycle**, an inline-four standard that did everything well, and the 1970s became the decade of the UJM. Today the standard lives on in commuter 125s, learner bikes and retro roadsters, and it is the reference machine of this course."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Steel cradle or backbone frame with the engine fully visible",
    "Air-cooled single, twin or four with carburettor or fuel injection",
    "Telescopic fork, twin rear shocks or a monoshock, chain final drive",
    "Upright bars, footpegs below the hips and a flat two-up seat"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Single, twin or four, 125 to 1,000 cc",
    "Power": "8 to 80 kW",
    "Top speed": "100 to 220 km/h",
    "Weight": "120 to 220 kg",
    "Seat height": "760 to 820 mm"
   },
   "models": [
    "Triumph Bonneville T120 (1959)",
    "Honda CB750 Four (1969)",
    "Yamaha SR400 (1978 to 2021)"
   ],
   "where": "Commuting, touring and learning to ride, everywhere.",
   "next": "Young riders in 1960s Britain stripped their standards down and lowered the bars to race between cafés.",
   "module": "Modules 1 to 4",
   "order": 5,
   "plate_svg": "plates/F01.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/F01.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/standard.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Triumph Bonneville T120 (1960).jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Triumph_Bonneville_T120_%281960%29.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_Bonneville_T120_%281960%29.jpg",
    "subject": "Triumph Bonneville T120, 1960",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triumph_Bonneville_T120_%281960%29.jpg",
    "verified": false
   },
   "render": {
    "file": "media/standard-render.jpg",
    "caption": "The course's classic air-cooled roadster, rendered in 3D.",
    "credit": "Render: Transitions Lab, CC BY-SA 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "cafe-racer",
   "name": "Café racer",
   "family": "road",
   "start": 1960,
   "era": "1960s to today",
   "plate": "T05",
   "tagline": "Clip-ons, rear-sets and a humped seat: a road bike stripped and tuned to do the ton.",
   "history": [
    "In late-1950s and 1960s Britain, young riders known as **Rockers** met at transport cafés on the new arterial roads, the **Ace Cafe** on London's North Circular most famous of all, and raced from one to the next. The target was the **ton**, 100 mph (161 km/h). They lightened their standards, fitted low **clip-on** bars, **rear-set** footrests, a long tank and a humped single seat, and tuned the engine.",
    "The most prized special was the **Triton**, a Triumph twin in the Norton **featherbed** frame, which handled better than anything the factories sold. The style faded with cheap cars and Japanese superbikes, then returned as factory retros such as the Triumph Thruxton and as a custom-builder favourite worldwide."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Featherbed-type duplex frame and a standard engine, often a British parallel twin",
    "Clip-on handlebars low on the fork legs and rear-set footrests for a racing crouch",
    "Long aluminium tank with knee recesses and a humped single seat",
    "Swept-back exhaust with megaphone silencers, flyscreen and wire wheels"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Parallel twin, 500 to 750 cc (original era)",
    "Power": "35 to 50 hp",
    "Top speed": "160 to 190 km/h",
    "Weight": "160 to 190 kg",
    "Riding position": "Low crouch"
   },
   "models": [
    "Triton (Triumph in Norton frame)",
    "Norton Dominator 650SS (1962)",
    "Triumph Thruxton (2004)"
   ],
   "where": "Café-to-café racing in 1960s Britain; today custom builds and retro factory models.",
   "next": "Off the road, racing over rough ground produced a completely different machine.",
   "module": "Module 1, chapter 2",
   "order": 6,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T05.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T05.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/cafe-racer.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Triton, 2006.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Triton%2C_2006.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triton%2C_2006.jpg",
    "subject": "Triton (Triumph engine, Norton Featherbed frame) cafe racer",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Triton%2C_2006.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "motocross",
   "name": "Motocross",
   "family": "offroad",
   "start": 1924,
   "era": "1924 to today",
   "plate": "F02",
   "tagline": "Long-travel suspension, knobbly tyres and a light engine: built to race over jumps and ruts.",
   "history": [
    "Off-road racing began as British **scrambles** in the 1920s, flat-out laps of rough country rather than the stop-start tests of trials. After 1945 the French name **motocross** took over and the Motocross des Nations began in 1947. Heavy four-stroke singles ruled until the 1960s, when light two-strokes from CZ and Husqvarna proved faster through the rough.",
    "Japanese makers arrived in the 1970s, and suspension travel doubled in a decade; Yamaha's **monoshock** rear suspension was the first big step. Liquid cooling, disc brakes and aluminium frames followed. Four-strokes returned after Yamaha's YZ400F of 1998, but the two-stroke, with its simple engine and violent power, remains loved and is the off-road machine modelled in this course."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Perimeter steel or aluminium frame, linkage monoshock and long-travel USD fork with 300 mm of travel",
    "Liquid-cooled two-stroke or four-stroke single with expansion chamber or high exhaust",
    "21 in front and 18 or 19 in rear spoked wheels with knobbly tyres",
    "No lights, mirrors or stand; narrow seat and wide bars for moving the body"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Single, 125 to 450 cc",
    "Power": "25 to 45 kW",
    "Suspension travel": "About 300 mm",
    "Weight": "95 to 110 kg",
    "Wheels": "21 in front, 18 to 19 in rear"
   },
   "models": [
    "CZ 250 (1960s)",
    "Yamaha YZ250 monoshock (1975)",
    "KTM 250 SX"
   ],
   "where": "Closed motocross tracks, supercross stadiums and training grounds.",
   "next": "Where motocross races over the rough, trials crawls through it without putting a foot down.",
   "module": "Modules 2 and 4",
   "order": 7,
   "plate_svg": "plates/F02.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/F02.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/motocross.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Yamaha YZ125 Motorcycle.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Yamaha_YZ125_Motorcycle.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yamaha_YZ125_Motorcycle.jpg",
    "subject": "Yamaha YZ125 two-stroke motocross bike",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yamaha_YZ125_Motorcycle.jpg",
    "verified": false
   },
   "render": {
    "file": "media/motocross-render.jpg",
    "caption": "The course's two-stroke motocross bike, rendered in 3D.",
    "credit": "Render: Transitions Lab, CC BY-SA 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "trials",
   "name": "Trials",
   "family": "offroad",
   "start": 1909,
   "era": "1909 to today",
   "plate": "T11",
   "tagline": "Almost no seat, tiny tank and soft tyres: built to climb rocks at walking pace without a dab.",
   "history": [
    "**Trials** is the oldest motorcycle sport: the Scottish Six Days Trial has run since 1909. Riders tackle marked sections over rocks, streams and logs, and lose points for every time a foot touches the ground (a **dab**) or the machine stops. Until the 1960s riders used heavy road-based four-strokes.",
    "The **Bultaco Sherpa T** of 1964, developed with Sammy Miller, showed that a light two-stroke with a low gear and soft power was far better, and Spanish makers led the sport for decades. Modern trials bikes weigh about 70 kg, have no real seat because riders always stand, and run tubeless tyres at very low pressure to grip rock."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Minimal aluminium frame and very short wheelbase for tight turns",
    "250 to 300 cc single, two-stroke or four-stroke, tuned for soft low-speed torque",
    "No seat to speak of; very high bars and pegs placed for riding standing up",
    "21 in front and 18 in rear wheels with soft tubeless trials tyres at about 0.3 bar"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Single, 125 to 300 cc",
    "Power": "15 to 25 kW",
    "Weight": "65 to 75 kg",
    "Ground clearance": "About 330 mm",
    "Tyre pressure": "0.3 to 0.5 bar"
   },
   "models": [
    "Bultaco Sherpa T (1964)",
    "Montesa Cota 4RT",
    "Beta Evo"
   ],
   "where": "Observed trials events, farm and forest tracks, and technical riding skills training.",
   "next": "On the road, the 1960s saw riders strip motorcycles in a different way: long forks and low seats.",
   "module": "Module 4, chassis",
   "order": 8,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T11.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T11.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/trials.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Bultaco 350 Sherpa T.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bultaco_350_Sherpa_T.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bultaco_350_Sherpa_T.jpg",
    "subject": "Bultaco Sherpa T 350",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bultaco_350_Sherpa_T.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "cruiser",
   "name": "Cruiser and chopper",
   "family": "road",
   "start": 1960,
   "era": "1960s to today",
   "plate": "T06",
   "tagline": "Low seat, raked fork, feet forward and a big V-twin: built for the road, not the clock.",
   "history": [
    "After the Second World War, American veterans cut the mudguards and extras off their Harley-Davidsons to make light **bobbers**. In 1960s California these grew into **choppers**: frames cut and re-welded to rake the fork far forward, tall bars, stretched tanks and a sissy bar. The film **Easy Rider** (1969) made the chopper a symbol around the world.",
    "Factories answered with the **cruiser**: a low, long machine with a laid-back riding position. Harley-Davidson's **Softail** of 1984 hid the rear shocks under the gearbox so it looked like a rigid hardtail, and Japanese makers built V-twin cruisers of their own through the 1980s. Cruisers are now the biggest segment in the United States and are growing in India."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Long wheelbase and a steeply raked fork for straight-line stability",
    "Big air-cooled 45° V-twin with pushrod valve gear, built for torque at low revs",
    "Low stepped seat, forward foot controls and pull-back bars",
    "Fat rear tyre, belt final drive and chrome"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "V-twin, 750 to 1,900 cc",
    "Power": "40 to 80 kW",
    "Seat height": "650 to 700 mm",
    "Weight": "250 to 350 kg",
    "Torque": "Peak below 3,500 rpm"
   },
   "models": [
    "Harley-Davidson Panhead chopper (1960s)",
    "Harley-Davidson Softail (1984)",
    "Royal Enfield Meteor 350 (2020)"
   ],
   "where": "Relaxed riding on long straight roads, clubs and custom culture.",
   "next": "In 1969, the year of Easy Rider, Honda launched a four-cylinder machine that started the superbike race.",
   "module": "Module 1, chapter 2",
   "order": 9,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T06.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T06.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/cruiser.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Harley-Davidson FLST Heritage Softail 1987.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Harley-Davidson_FLST_Heritage_Softail_1987.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harley-Davidson_FLST_Heritage_Softail_1987.jpg",
    "subject": "Harley-Davidson FLST Heritage Softail, 1987",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harley-Davidson_FLST_Heritage_Softail_1987.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "superbike",
   "name": "Superbike and sport bike",
   "family": "road",
   "start": 1969,
   "era": "1969 to today",
   "plate": "T07",
   "tagline": "Full fairing, four cylinders and racing brakes: the road bike as a track weapon.",
   "history": [
    "Honda's **CB750 Four** of 1969 brought an inline-four, a front disc brake and 200 km/h to the showroom at a price people could pay, and the word **superbike** was coined for it. Through the 1970s the big fours grew faster than their frames could cope with, until **Suzuki's GSX-R750** of 1985 brought an aluminium frame and race-replica fairing to the road.",
    "Honda's **CBR900RR Fireblade** of 1992 changed the rules again by putting light weight before power. Modern 1,000 cc sport bikes make over 150 kW, weigh about 200 kg wet and rely on electronics, including traction and wheelie control, cornering ABS and quickshifters, to make that power usable."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Aluminium twin-spar frame and swingarm, with the engine as a stressed member",
    "Liquid-cooled inline-four (or V-twin or triple) revving past 14,000 rpm, with ram-air intake",
    "USD fork, twin floating discs with radial four-piston calipers and a linkage monoshock",
    "Full fairing, clip-on bars, high rear-sets and 17 in three-spoke cast wheels"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Inline-four, 600 to 1,000 cc",
    "Power": "90 to 160 kW",
    "Top speed": "250 to 300 km/h",
    "Weight": "190 to 210 kg wet",
    "Riding position": "Tucked, weight on the wrists"
   },
   "models": [
    "Honda CB750 Four (1969)",
    "Suzuki GSX-R750 (1985)",
    "Honda CBR900RR Fireblade (1992)"
   ],
   "where": "Sport riding, track days and racing, from club level to World Superbike.",
   "next": "Not everyone wanted speed: some riders wanted to cross continents in comfort.",
   "module": "Modules 2 and 4",
   "order": 10,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T07.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T07.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/superbike.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Honda CBR1000RR Fireblade.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Honda_CBR1000RR_Fireblade.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_CBR1000RR_Fireblade.jpg",
    "subject": "Honda CBR1000RR Fireblade",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_CBR1000RR_Fireblade.jpg",
    "verified": false
   },
   "photo2": {
    "title": "File:Honda CB750 (1969) - 15858705015.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Honda_CB750_%281969%29_-_15858705015.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_CB750_%281969%29_-_15858705015.jpg",
    "subject": "Honda CB750 Four, 1969",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_CB750_%281969%29_-_15858705015.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "touring",
   "name": "Touring",
   "family": "road",
   "start": 1975,
   "era": "1975 to today",
   "plate": "T08",
   "tagline": "Big fairing, shaft drive and luggage built in: a motorcycle made to cross continents two-up.",
   "history": [
    "Long-distance riders had always fitted screens, panniers and sidecars to their machines. In 1975 Honda launched the **Gold Wing GL1000**, a water-cooled flat-four with shaft drive, and American riders turned it into the definitive tourer with fairings and luggage. Honda took the hint: by 1980 the Gold Wing came with a factory fairing and luggage, and in 1988 it gained a **flat-six**.",
    "Touring bikes put comfort first: a fairing that shields rider and passenger, a wide two-up seat with backrest, large panniers and top box, cruise control, heated seats and, on the 2006 Gold Wing, the first production motorcycle **airbag**. Their weight, often near 400 kg, is carried low by the flat engine."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Frame-mounted fairing with adjustable windscreen and mirrors",
    "Flat-four or flat-six (horizontally opposed) engine mounted low for stability",
    "Shaft final drive that needs no chain adjustment over long distances",
    "Integrated hard panniers, top box, backrest and linked brakes"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Flat-six, 1,800 cc (Gold Wing)",
    "Power": "about 93 kW",
    "Fuel range": "350 to 450 km",
    "Weight": "350 to 400 kg",
    "Luggage": "100 to 150 litres"
   },
   "models": [
    "Honda Gold Wing GL1000 (1975)",
    "BMW R100RT (1978)",
    "Honda Gold Wing GL1500 flat-six (1988)"
   ],
   "where": "Long-distance touring, often two-up, on paved roads.",
   "next": "In 1980 BMW combined a touring twin with an off-road chassis and created a new class.",
   "module": "Module 4, drivetrain",
   "order": 11,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T08.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T08.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/touring.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Honda Gold Wing GL 1800 (SC79 - 2018).jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Honda_Gold_Wing_GL_1800_%28SC79_-_2018%29.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_Gold_Wing_GL_1800_%28SC79_-_2018%29.jpg",
    "subject": "Honda Gold Wing GL1800 (SC79), 2018",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honda_Gold_Wing_GL_1800_%28SC79_-_2018%29.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "adventure",
   "name": "Adventure",
   "family": "offroad",
   "start": 1980,
   "era": "1980 to today",
   "plate": "T09",
   "tagline": "Tall, rugged and loaded with luggage: a road tourer that keeps going when the tarmac ends.",
   "history": [
    "BMW's **R80G/S** of 1980 put the touring boxer twin and shaft drive into a long-travel chassis with a 21 in front wheel. It won the **Paris–Dakar** rally in 1981, 1983, 1984 and 1985 and founded the **adventure** class. Yamaha's Ténéré, Honda's Africa Twin and KTM's Adventure followed the rally route.",
    "The television series **Long Way Round** (2004), in which two actors rode BMW GS Adventures from London to New York via Mongolia, turned the class into a bestseller. The BMW GS became the company's best-selling model, and adventure bikes from 300 cc to 1,300 cc are now ridden on every continent, from commuting to crossing Africa."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Tall, upright stance with long-travel suspension and a high front mudguard or beak",
    "Boxer, parallel or V-twin with shaft or chain drive and a large fuel tank",
    "19 or 21 in front and 17 or 18 in rear spoked tubeless wheels with dual-purpose tyres",
    "Crash bars, sump guard, hand guards, adjustable screen and aluminium panniers"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Twin, 800 to 1,300 cc",
    "Power": "60 to 110 kW",
    "Suspension travel": "190 to 220 mm",
    "Weight": "220 to 270 kg",
    "Fuel range": "400 to 600 km"
   },
   "models": [
    "BMW R80G/S (1980)",
    "Honda XRV650 Africa Twin (1988)",
    "BMW R 1250 GS (2019)"
   ],
   "where": "Overlanding, rough-road touring and expeditions, and daily riding where roads are poor.",
   "next": "Where roads are poor and jobs are scarce, the small motorcycle became a taxi.",
   "module": "Module 4, chassis",
   "order": 12,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T09.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T09.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/adventure.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:BMW R80GS 1981 B.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/BMW_R80GS_1981_B.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BMW_R80GS_1981_B.jpg",
    "subject": "BMW R80G/S, 1981",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BMW_R80GS_1981_B.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "boda-boda",
   "name": "Boda boda commuter",
   "family": "work",
   "start": 1990,
   "era": "1990s to today",
   "plate": "T04",
   "tagline": "A rugged 100 to 150 cc single with a long seat and a rack: the taxi and truck of East Africa.",
   "history": [
    "The name comes from **'border border'**: in the 1960s and 1970s bicycle taxis ferried people and goods across the no-man's land between the Kenyan and Ugandan border posts at **Busia**. From the 1990s, cheap Indian and Chinese motorcycles of 100 to 150 cc replaced the bicycles, and the boda boda spread to every town and village in Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania and beyond, with lower import taxes on small motorcycles accelerating growth from the late 2000s.",
    "Boda bodas carry passengers, school children, market goods and patients, and employ a large share of young men in the region. Machines like the **Bajaj Boxer** and **TVS HLX** are built for it: simple air-cooled engines, long seats, strong racks and crash guards. Since about 2020 companies such as **Roam**, **Ampersand** and **Spiro** have been converting the fleet to electric with battery swapping."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Single-downtube steel frame with strong rear subframe for passengers and load",
    "Air-cooled four-stroke single of 100 to 150 cc with kick and electric start",
    "Long flat dual seat, heavy rear carrier, front and rear crash guards and a dress guard",
    "17 in spoked wheels, drum brakes, fork gaiters, full chain case and a centre stand"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Single, 100 to 150 cc",
    "Power": "6 to 9 kW",
    "Top speed": "90 to 105 km/h",
    "Weight": "115 to 125 kg",
    "Fuel use": "1.5 to 2 l/100 km"
   },
   "models": [
    "Bajaj Boxer BM150",
    "TVS HLX 125",
    "Roam Air (electric, 2023)"
   ],
   "where": "Motorcycle taxis and goods transport in East Africa, and similar roles across Africa and South Asia.",
   "next": "Back in Europe, the 1990s brought fast road bikes with their fairings taken off.",
   "module": "Modules 1 and 5",
   "order": 13,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T04.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T04.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/boda-boda.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Boda-Boda-Uganda.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Boda-Boda-Uganda.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boda-Boda-Uganda.jpg",
    "subject": "Boda boda motorcycle taxi, Uganda",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boda-Boda-Uganda.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "naked",
   "name": "Naked and streetfighter",
   "family": "road",
   "start": 1993,
   "era": "1993 to today",
   "plate": "T10",
   "tagline": "A sport bike engine and chassis with no fairing: upright, aggressive and easy to live with.",
   "history": [
    "In the 1980s British riders who crashed their sport bikes often could not afford new fairings, so they fitted straight bars and twin round headlights and rode them naked; the **streetfighter** was born. Ducati made it official in 1993 with the **Monster M900**, designed by Miguel Galluzzi, which bolted a sport engine into an exposed **trellis frame** with a big tank and no bodywork.",
    "Triumph's **Speed Triple** of 1994 and later the Kawasaki Z and Yamaha MT ranges made the **naked** one of the best-selling classes in Europe. Riders get sport-bike brakes and suspension with a comfortable upright position and a lower price."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Exposed steel trellis or aluminium frame with the engine on show",
    "Liquid-cooled V-twin, triple or inline-four tuned for mid-range torque",
    "Wide flat bars, sculpted tank and a short tail",
    "USD fork, radial calipers, monoshock and often a single-sided swingarm"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Engine": "Twin, triple or four, 600 to 1,300 cc",
    "Power": "50 to 150 kW",
    "Top speed": "200 to 260 km/h",
    "Weight": "180 to 210 kg",
    "Riding position": "Upright, slightly forward"
   },
   "models": [
    "Ducati Monster M900 (1993)",
    "Triumph Speed Triple (1994)",
    "Kawasaki Z900 (2017)"
   ],
   "where": "Urban and country-road riding, and riders moving up from learner bikes.",
   "next": "In the 2010s batteries became light enough to replace the engine altogether.",
   "module": "Module 4, chassis",
   "order": 14,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T10.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T10.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/naked.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Ducati 750 Monster Yellow.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Ducati_750_Monster_Yellow.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ducati_750_Monster_Yellow.jpg",
    "subject": "Ducati Monster 750",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ducati_750_Monster_Yellow.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "electric-motorcycle",
   "name": "Electric motorcycle",
   "family": "electric",
   "start": 2010,
   "era": "2010s to today",
   "plate": "F03",
   "tagline": "Battery where the engine was, motor and controller in its place: silent, instant torque.",
   "history": [
    "Electric two-wheelers are as old as petrol ones: **Ogden Bolton Jr.** patented a battery bicycle with a hub motor in 1895. Lead-acid batteries were too heavy for a practical machine, though, and the idea slept for a century. Lithium-ion cells from laptops and phones changed that, and **Zero Motorcycles** (founded 2006) and **Brammo** began selling road-going electric motorcycles around 2010.",
    "Italian **Energica**, the **MotoE** world cup from 2019 and Harley-Davidson's **LiveWire** in the same year showed that electrics could be fast. A battery pack of 10 to 20 kWh replaces tank and engine, a permanent-magnet motor drives the rear wheel by belt or chain, and there is no gearbox or clutch. Charging time and range, not performance, are the open questions."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Traction battery pack of lithium-ion cells with a battery management system",
    "Motor controller (inverter) turning DC into three-phase AC for the motor",
    "Permanent-magnet synchronous motor with single-speed belt or chain drive, no clutch or gearbox",
    "Charge port, DC-DC converter for the 12 V system and regenerative braking"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Motor": "PMSM, 15 to 100 kW",
    "Battery": "5 to 20 kWh",
    "Range": "100 to 250 km",
    "Weight": "130 to 260 kg",
    "Charging": "1 to 10 h AC, under 1 h DC"
   },
   "models": [
    "Zero S (2010s)",
    "Energica Ego (2015)",
    "Harley-Davidson LiveWire (2019)"
   ],
   "where": "City and country riding, racing, and fleets that want low running costs.",
   "next": "For most of the world, electrification is happening on smaller, cheaper machines.",
   "module": "Module 5",
   "order": 15,
   "plate_svg": "plates/F03.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/F03.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/electric-motorcycle.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:2014 Zero Motorcycles Zero S.JPG",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/2014_Zero_Motorcycles_Zero_S.JPG?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Zero_Motorcycles_Zero_S.JPG",
    "subject": "Zero S electric motorcycle, 2014",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Zero_Motorcycles_Zero_S.JPG",
    "verified": false
   },
   "render": {
    "file": "media/electric-motorcycle-render.jpg",
    "caption": "The course's electric scrambler, rendered in 3D.",
    "credit": "Render: Transitions Lab, CC BY-SA 4.0"
   }
  },
  {
   "id": "electric-scooter",
   "name": "Electric moped and e-boda",
   "family": "electric",
   "start": 2000,
   "era": "2000s to today",
   "plate": "T12",
   "tagline": "A hub motor in the rear wheel and a battery you can carry: the vehicle electrifying Asia and Africa.",
   "history": [
    "China banned or restricted petrol motorcycles in many cities from the 1990s, and electric two-wheelers took their place: hundreds of millions of e-bikes and e-mopeds, at first with lead-acid batteries and brushless hub motors. Taiwan's **Gogoro** (2015) and China's **NIU** (2015) added connected lithium-ion packs, and Gogoro built a network of **battery-swapping** stations so riders exchange a flat pack for a full one in seconds.",
    "The same model now drives electrification in Africa and India. Boda boda riders in Kigali, Nairobi and Kampala lease electric motorcycles from companies such as **Ampersand**, **Roam** and **Spiro** and swap batteries at stations instead of buying fuel, which lowers running costs for the rider."
   ],
   "built": [
    "Brushless hub motor in the rear wheel: no chain, belt or gearbox",
    "Removable or swappable lithium-ion battery with a carry handle, under the floor or seat",
    "Controller with regenerative braking, LED lighting and a digital display",
    "Step-through or low frame, 12 to 14 in cast wheels and under-seat storage"
   ],
   "specs": {
    "Motor": "Hub motor, 1.5 to 8 kW",
    "Battery": "1.5 to 4 kWh per pack",
    "Range": "60 to 150 km",
    "Top speed": "45 to 90 km/h",
    "Weight": "70 to 120 kg"
   },
   "models": [
    "NIU NQi (2015)",
    "Gogoro Smartscooter (2015)",
    "Ampersand / Roam Air e-boda"
   ],
   "where": "Cities in China, Taiwan, India and Africa; delivery fleets and taxi riders.",
   "next": "This is where the story stands today: the next transition is happening on the smallest machines first.",
   "module": "Module 5",
   "order": 16,
   "plate_svg": "plates/T12.svg",
   "plate_png": "plates/T12.png",
   "thumb": "thumbs/electric-scooter.jpg",
   "photo": {
    "title": "File:Gogoro S2 ABS 20200131.jpg",
    "src": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Gogoro_S2_ABS_20200131.jpg?width=1600",
    "page": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogoro_S2_ABS_20200131.jpg",
    "subject": "Gogoro S2 ABS electric scooter",
    "author": "see file page",
    "licence": "licence on file page",
    "licence_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gogoro_S2_ABS_20200131.jpg",
    "verified": false
   }
  }
 ]
}